Highways of the Mind:
the haunting of the superhighway
from the World's Fair to the World Wide Web
Helen J Burgess
(Available on DVD- one day real soon!).
Our highways are haunted. Ghosts peer at us from the roadsides in the
frail shapes of white crosses bedecked with plastic flowers. In Thomas
Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49, a highway pushes its way through a
graveyard. In Douglas Adams' Hitchiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the
planet Earth is destroyed to make room for an interstellar bypass. In
Underworld, Don DeLillo's LA highways are haunted by a lone gunman who
likes to take pot-shots at his fellow drivers. In Warner Brothers
cartoons, the hapless Wile E. Coyote is consistently outwitted by his
feathered nemesis, the avian hot-rodding Roadrunner, and usually ends
up being splattered across the Arizona highways (much like Thelma and
Louise).
The highway is clearly a key image in post-war literature, art and
media. Highways, of course, are by no means new artefacts in cultural
production; roads and highways appear a long way back in literature,
whether as the path carrying the pilgrims of the Canterbury Tales, or
the 17th-century post roads upon which banditry and derring-do took
place. Highways have always been haunted by ghosts - of bandits,
pilgrims, and beasts that come out in the night. Highways have thus
been both exciting and fearful places, pointing us towards an
uncertain future destination, while waylaying us along the roadside
with tales of woe or wonder. The superhighways of the twentieth
century, however, starting with the Autobahn and then the Interstate
Highway System, have raised the cultural stakes. The road movie lives
on, it is true, but these new superhighways are about the future -
some goal of ultimate speed and destination (Le Corbusier says: "Cars,
cars, speed, speed!"). A highway system visible from space and built
for unprecedented numbers of travellers, evacuees or troops is no
longer a place to experience as a series of adventures that happen by
the wayside - rather, the Autobahn and Interstate are built to be
experienced in their own right, as the embodiment of perfect speed.
In the last years of the twentieth century and on into the
twenty-first, highways have morphed from concrete and steel to virtual
superhighways, a sometimes ill-fitting, and other times apt,
analogy. In this way, the figure of the highway has begun to be
visualised in terms of its ghostly other, a wired-up high-bandwidth
network which promises to move information at "the speed of
light." The highway, attempting to evade the ghostly labour of its
creators and its more recently documented environmental impact, has
tried to become something both more and less than material.
This dissertation investigates the way in which the rhetorical
construction of the highway has been haunted, first by narratives of
promise and progress and then of decay and death.